Muaj ntau txoj kev nias ntawm camellia noob
Raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm ntau qib ntawm cov tshuaj yej noob roj, cov kev lag luam extraction thiab kev npaj cov tshuaj yej noob roj feem ntau muaj xws li cov mature mechanical pressing method, solvent extraction method and supercritical fluid extraction method. Kev tsim cov roj camellia hauv kuv lub teb chaws feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem nias thiab cov kuab tshuaj extraction.
1. Mechanical pressing
Mechanical pressing yog txoj hauv kev los rho tawm cov roj camellia. Tshuaj yej noob nias tau dhau los ntawm ntau theem xws li av nias (tsuas yog wedge pressing), hydraulic roj nias thiab ntsia hlau nias. Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub ntawm cov tshuaj yej cov noob nyob rau hauv lub pressing chamber thaum lub sij hawm nias, feem ntau yog thawj ob yog hu ua low temperature pressing process, thiab lub tom kawg yog hu ua kub nias txheej txheem.
1) Tsawg kub nias
Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog ntawm cov tshuaj yej cov noob qoob loo, cov roj camellia feem ntau muab rho tawm los ntawm hydraulic roj nias txheej txheem. Cov plaub hau tshuaj yej roj tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem no muaj ob peb impurities thiab lub teeb xim. Muaj ob hom hydraulic roj presses, ntsug thiab kab rov tav. Hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, feem ntau ntawm cov kab rov tav hydraulic roj nias yog siv.
Cov txheej txheem ntws ntawm cov tshuaj yej cov noob uas tsis tshua muaj kub nias txoj kev:
Camellia noob → tsis tshua muaj kub cia → tu thiab grading → sib nqus sib cais thiab shelling → dov → txias nias → roj residue sib cais → tshuaj yej noob roj → tsis tshua muaj kub crystallization thiab crystallization→ Tsawg kub pom
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Tshuaj yej noob ncuav mog qab zib → Extract tiav lawm txias-nias roj
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov ntsuas kub tsis tshua muaj qhov txias txias yog qhov tsis tshua muaj kub cia, tu thiab muab qhab nia, txias nias, thiab cov roj seem sib cais. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem cia kub qis, qhov ntsuas kub yog tswj ntawm 0 ~ 7 ° C, uas yog qhov zoo rau tom qab-ripening ntawm Camellia oleifera noob; nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tu thiab muab qhab nia, cov txheej txheem kev faib tawm yog ua raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg, thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom siv raw nrog cov khoom sib xws yog threshed los xyuas kom meej tias Shelling efficiency; Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem txias txias, lub tshuab txias tshwj xeeb yog siv, thiab nias kub yog 70 ~ 80 degree. Lub tshuab txias txias tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem zam qhov tsaus nti ntawm cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj yej noob roj thiab poob ntawm cov khoom siv tau zoo los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias; Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj residue sib cais, lub sij hawm sib cais thiab lub sij hawm khaws cia yuav tsum tau tswj kom zoo, thiab cov roj crude tsis tas yuav dhau los ntawm lub tank sedimentation thaum pom.
2) Kub nias
Covkubnias txoj kev tsuas yog siv cov ntsia hlau xovxwm rau dynamic nias. Thaum cov roj raug nias rau hauv lub pressing chamber, qhov kub thiab txias yog siab, uas cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si roj thiab nias lub ncuav mog qab zib. Piv txwv li, cov roj camellia muaj ntau yam impurities thiab xim tsaus, uas txo cov nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yej roj. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm ntsia hlau roj extraction yuav tsum tau tev ntawm tshuaj yej noob.
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb tswj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem kub kub yog tev, steaming thiab kib, thiab nias. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem shelling, cov roasted tshuaj yej noob (nrog ib tug noo noo ntsiab lus ntawm 12 feem pua thiab 14 feem pua) muab tso rau hauv ib lub tshuaj yej noob sheller kom tawg lub plhaub, thiab ces raug cua sorting thiab kernel plhaub sib cais; Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem steaming thiab kib, noo noo thiab kub ntawm cov tshuaj yej noob kernels yuav tsum tau kho kom tswj cov noo noo ntawm cov tshuaj yej cov noob kom txog li 3 feem pua, thiab nias kub kom ncav cuag 110 ~ 120 degree; tso tawm.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej nias txoj kev yog cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab hloov tau yooj yim, muaj zog yoog raws, tus nqi qis, kev nqis peev tsawg, tsis muaj kuab lom nyob rau hauv cov roj nias, tab sis nws cov roj yield tsis siab. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txo cov suab thaj, tag nrho cov suab thaj thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog siab. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Maillard yog ib qho yooj yim tshwm sim thaum cov roj tsim los ntawm txoj kev nias, uas ua rau cov xim ntawm cov roj thiab ua kom cov av nplaum ntau ntxiv hauv cov txheej txheem decolorization. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim tias cov khoom siv raw ntawm cov cuab yeej nias txoj kev xav tau kev kho cua sov los yog ci, cov protein yuav raug denatured, thiab kev siv cov nqi ntawm lub ncuav mog qab zib tom qab cov roj rho tawm yuav txo qis, thiab cov roj seem hauv cov residue yog siab, uas tseem yuav tsum tau leached los ntawm hnyav.
2. Cov kuab tshuaj extraction
Txoj kev tshem tawm cov kuab tshuaj yog ib txoj kev tsim cov roj uas tshwm sim tom qab xyoo 1970s. Cov kuab tshuaj leaching txoj kev yog ib txoj kev rho cov roj los ntawm preform los yog pre-pressed ncuav mog qab zib los ntawm kev siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm tej yam organic solvents (xws li n-hexane, roj av ether, anhydrous ethanol) kom yaj cov roj. Muaj peb txoj hauv kev: pre-press leaching, ncaj qha leaching thiab theem nrab leaching.
Txheej txheem ntws ntawm cov kuab tshuaj extraction thiab roj extraction:
Roj → billet ua (los yog billet pre-pressing) → hnyav leaching → mixed roj sib cais → crude roj refining
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Noj mov tas lawm ← Meal desolvation
Meng Wei et al. piv cov extraction los ntawm ntau cov kuab tshuaj sib txawv ntawm tshuaj yej noob roj. Cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias, nrog roj av ether ua cov kuab tshuaj extraction, ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov kua-kua ntawm 1:10 thiab qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 50 degree, kev rho tawm tau ua ob zaug rau 3 teev txhua zaus. , cov extraction tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yej noob roj yog ntau tshaj 93 feem pua, thiab cov tshuaj yej noob roj yog lub teeb daj.
Cov txheej txheem tshem tawm cov kuab tshuaj muaj cov roj ntau ntau (cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 90 feem pua), qhov kev rho tawm tau zoo dua, cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem rov qab tau, tus nqi raug txo, kev ua haujlwm yooj yim, thiab nws yooj yim rau kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj; tab sis nws yog ib qho yooj yim uas yuav ua rau inconvenience nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm hnyav rov qab. Lub decomposition ntawm saturated fatty acids ua rau tus nqi saponification ntawm cov roj crude tau nyob rau sab siab, thiab muaj cov kuab tshuaj residues nyob rau hauv cov khoom, uas yog heev flammable, thiab yuav tsum tau muaj kev ruaj ntseg ua hauj lwm ntau dua. Tsis ntev los no, muaj xov xwm tshaj tawm tias cov roj camellia benzopyrene tsim los ntawm ib lub tuam txhab tshaj li tus qauv. Lub tuam txhab tau hais tias cov benzopyrene ntau tshaj yog vim cov roj leaching, thiab cov ntsiab lus benzene ntau tshaj yog vim cov neeg ua liaj ua teb pheej rov roasted, steamed thiab kib cov noob tshuaj yej thiaj li yuav ua rau kom cov roj yield thaum nias cov tshuaj yej roj, ua rau qhov tshwm sim. ntawm scorching. , Lub ncuav mog qab zib no charred yog nquag tsim benzopyrene, thiab muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub kub ntawm cov tshuaj benzene thiab cov roj hnyav thaum lub sijhawm rho tawm, uas ntxiv cov ntsiab lus ntawm benzopyrene hauv tshuaj yej roj. Yog li ntawd, thaum extracting camellia roj los ntawm hnyav extraction, yuav tsum tau them nyiaj mloog mus rau lub kub tswj ntawm cov tshuaj yej noob roasting, steaming thiab frying txheej txheem los tiv thaiv overheating thiab kev nyab xeeb teeb meem.


